“AFTER-HOURS WORK BEHAVIOR”, FROM ANYTIME-ANYWHERE TO ROUND THE CLOCK-EVERYWHERE: EXPLORING THE ANTECEDENTS
EKTA SINHA *
SP Jain School of Global Management, Mumbai, India.
KAVITA LAGHATE
Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai, India.
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
As the world enters the era of Industry 4.0, Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) have become of strategic importance for organizations. In particular, the COVID-19 lockdown has accelerated the organizational dependence on technologies in order to get work done. With the number of available technological tools, creating rigid ‘boundaries’ has become very difficult for employees in order to escape work notifications in their off-work hours. This study tries to look into this behavioral phenomenon of ‘After-Hours Work Behavior (AWB)’ which blurs the ‘boundary’ between work and after-work lives of employees and lead to stress. The investigation in this domain is very limited and fragmented. This work aims to contribute to this relatively new domain of research by exploring the antecedents to AWB. The study, by adopting a qualitative research method, investigates employee experiences to engage in AWB via ICT (e.g., mobiles, laptops, calls, messages, email etc.). The study discerns the disruptions and dilemmas among employees caught between being good employees and leading a stress-free off-work life.
Keywords: ICT, After-Hours Work Behavior (AWB), boundary blurring, work-life balance, human resource management
How to Cite
Downloads
References
Lyytinen K, Yoo Y. The next wave of nomadic computing: A research agenda for information systems research. Information Systems Research. 2002;13(4):377–388.
Jarvenpaa SL, Lang KR, Tuunainen VK. Friend or foe? The ambivalent relationship between mobile technology and its users. In C. Sorensen, Y. Yoo, K. Lyytinen, & J. I. DeGross (Eds.), Designing ubiquitous information environments: Socio-technical issues and challenges. New York: Springer. 2005;29–42.
Kossek EE, Lautsch BA. Work–family boundary management styles in organizations: A cross-level model. Organizational Psychology Review. 2012;2:152–171.
Kreiner GE, Hollensbe EC, Sheep ML. Balancing borders and bridges: Negotiating the work-home interface via boundary work tactics. Academy of Management Journal. 2009;52:704–730.
Major DA, Germano LM. The changing nature of work and its impact on the work-home interface. In F. Jones, R. J. Burke & M. Westman (Eds.), Work-life balance: A psychological perspective. New York: Psychology Press. 2006;13–38.
Ivancevich lM, Napier HA, Wetherbe Jc. Occupational stress, attitudes, and health problems in the information systems professional. Communications of the ACM. 1983;26(10):800-806.
Sethi V, King R, Quick J. What causes stress in information system professionals? Communications of the ACM. 2004;47(3):99-102.
Thong JyL, Yap CS. Information systems and occupational stress: A theoretical framework. OMEGA: The International Journal of Management Science. 2000;28(6):681-692.
Day A, Paquet S, Scott N, Hambley L. Perceived information and communication technology (ICT) demands on employee outcomes: The moderating effect of organizational ICT support. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 2012; 7(4):473–491.
Fenner GH, Renn RW. Technology-assisted supplemental work: Construct definition and a research framework. Human Resource Management. 2004;43:179-200.
Batt R, Valcour PM. Human resources practices as predictors of work-family outcomes and employee turnover. Industrial Relations. 2003;42:189-220.
Medzo-M’engone J. Job demands and psychological well-being among Gabonese civil servants: The mediating role of perceived organizational support. Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health. 2021;36(4):335-350.
Venkatesh A, Vitalari N. An emerging distributed work arrangement: An investigation of computer-based supplemental work at home. Management Science. 1992;38:1687–1706.
Fenner GH, Renn RW. Technology-assisted supplemental work and work-to-family conflict: The role of instrumentality beliefs, organizational expectations and time management. Human Relations. 2010;63(1): 63–82.
Stevens G, Szajna B. Perceptions and expectations: Why people choose a telecommuting lifestyle. International Journal of Electronic Commerce. 1998;3:70–85.
Haridy R. The Right to Disconnect: The new laws banning after-hours work email; 2018. Available:https://newatlas.com/right-to-disconnect-after-hours-work-emails/55879/
Robinson, J. 2006. An e-tool bill of rights. Fast Company, December: 54.
Zambrowicz C. Will dashboard computers turn drive time into work time? HR Magazine. 1998;43:184.
Moneycontrol News. India's working hours one of the longest among global peers: NSSO report; 2019. Available:https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/indias-working-hours-one-of-the-longest-among-global-peers-nsso-report-3593431.html on 21.12.2019
Kraut RE. Telecommuting: The trade-offs of home work. J. Communication. 1989;39(3): 14-40.
Orlikowski WJ, Scott SV. Sociomateriality: Challenging the separation of technology, work and organization. Annals of the Academy of Management. 2008;2(1):433–74.
Baer W. Information technology comes home. Telecommunications Policy. 1985;3-22.
Sinha E, Laghate K. Effect of big-five personality traits on after-work notification strain. Presented at The 6th Biennial Indian Academy of Management Conference, IIM Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India; 2020.
Richardson K, Benbunan-Fich R. Examining the antecedents of work connectivity behavior during non-work time. Information and Organization. 2011;21:142-160.
Boswell WR, Olson-Buchanan JB. The use of communication technologies after hours: The role of work attitudes and work-life conflict. Journal of Management. 2007;33(4):592–610.
Park HJ, Konana P, Gu B, Leung MCA. An investigation of information sharing and seeking behaviors. In Virtual Communities. ICIS 2010 Proceedings. 2010; 242.
Welman JC, Kruger SJ. Research methodology for the business and administrative sciences. Johannesburg, South Africa: International Thompson; 1999.
Hammersley M, Atkinson P. Ethnography: Principles and Practices. New York.: Routeledge; 1994.
Van Manen M. Researching Lived Experience. Ontario, Canada: Althouse; 1998.
Hammersley, M. (2000). Taking sides in social research. London: Routledge.
Miles M, Huberman M. Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage; 1994.
Greig A, Taylor J. Doing research with children. London: Sage; 1999.
Kruger D. An introduction to phenomenological psychology (2nd ed.). Cape Town, South Africa: Juta; 1988.
Groenewald T. A phenomenological research design illustrated. International Journal of Qualitative Methods. 2004;3(1):42-55.
Patton MQ. Qualitative research and evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications; 2002.
Creswell JW. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1998.
Glaser B, Strauss A. The discovery of grounded theory. Alpine: New York; 1967.
VanderStoep SW, Johnston DD. Research methods for everyday life. Blending qualitative and quantitative approaches. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2009.
Bailey CA. A guide to field research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge; 1996.
Berg BL, Lune H. Qualitative research methods for the social sciences. Boston, MA: Pearson Education; 2012.
Eriksson, P. and Kovalainen A. (2008). Qualitative methods in business research. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
Bentz VM, Shapiro JJ. Mindful enquiry in social research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; 1998.
Miller WL, Crabtree BF. Primary care research: A multimethod typology and qualitative road map. In B. F. Crabtree & W. L. Miller (Eds.), Doing qualitative research. Research methods for primary care. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 1992;3.
ANI. 95% millennials stressed in India, work is the main trigger; 2018. Available:https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/95-millennials-stressed-in-india-work-is-the-main-trigger/articleshow/65636099.cms?from=mdr
Lincoln YS, Guba EG. Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park, Calif: Sage; 1985.
Patton MQ. How to use qualitative methods in evaluation. Newbury Park: Sage; 1987.
Gioia DA, Corley KG, Hamilton AL. Seeking qualitative rigor in inductive research: Notes on the Gioia methodology. Organizational Research Methods. 2013;16(1):15–31.
Malodia S, Gupta S, Jaiswal KA. Reverse innovation: a conceptual framework. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science; 2019. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-019-00703-4
Vaismoradi M, Turunen H, Bondas T. Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing & Health Sciences. 2013;15(3):398–405.
Bandura A. Vicarious processes: A case of no-trial learning. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. New York: Academic Press. 1965;1–55.
Bandura A. Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall; 1977.
Voorpostel M, vanderLippe T, Gershuny J. Spending time together–Changes over four decades in leisure time spent with a spouse. Journal of Leisure Research. 2010;42:243–265.
Fishbein M, Ajzen I. Belief, attitude, intention and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; 1975.
Derks D, Duin vD, Tims M, Bakker A. Smartphone use and work–home interference: Themoderating roleof social norms and employee work engagement. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology; 2014.
Duranova L, Ohly S. Comclusion and Discussion. Book chapter from the book Persistent Work-related Technology Use, Recovery and Well-being Processes: Focus on Supplemental Work After Hours. 2016;93-97. Availble:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300127160_Conclusion_and_Discussion
Morris MG, Venkatesh V. Age differences in technology adoption decisions: Implications for a changing work force. Personnel Psychology. 2000;53:375–403.
Barclay D, Higgins C, Thompson R. The partial least squares approach to causal modeling. Technology Studies. 1995;2:285–309.
Jones E, Sundaram S, Chin W. Factors leading to sales force automation use: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Personal Selling. 2002;22:145–156.
Schneider B, Rentsch J. Managing climates and cultures: A future perspective. In J. Hage (Ed.), Futures of organizations. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. 1988;181–200.
Skinner B. Contingencies of reinforcement. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts; 1969.
Kopelman R, Brief A, Guzzo R. The role of climate and culture in productivity. In B. Schneider (Ed.), Organizational climate and culture. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 1990;282–318.
Vroom V. Work and motivation. New York: Wiley; 1964.
Rousseau D. Assessing organizational culture: The case for multiple methods. In B. Schneider (Ed.), Organizational climate and culture. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 1990;153–192.
Kreiner GE. Consequences of work-home segmentation or integration: A person-environment fit perspective. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2006;27:485–507.
Edwards JR. An examination of competing versions of the person–environment fit approach to stress. Academy of Management Journal. 1996;39(2):292-339.
Ayyagari R, Grover V, Purvis Russell. Technostress: technological antecedents and implications. MIS Quarterly. 2011;35(4):831-858.
Rothbard NP, Phillips KW, Dumas TL. Managing multiple roles: Work-family policies and individuals’ desires for segmentation. Organization Science. 2005;16:243–258.
Sinha JBP. Culture and organizational behavior, Sage, New Delhi; 2008,
Deci EL, Ryan RM. The "what" and "why" of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior. Psychological Inquiry. 2000;11(4):227–268.
Ashforth BE, Kreiner GE, Fugate M. All in a day’s work: Boundaries and micro role transitions. Academy of Management Review. 2000;25:472-491.
Stryker S. Conceiving the self. Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews. 1980;9:383-385.
Darden W, Howell R, Hampton R. Career versus organizational commitment: Antecedents and consequences of retail salespeoples’ commitment. Journal of Retailing. 1989;65:80–104.
Cheng E, Ho D. The influence of job and career attitudes on learning motivation and transfer. Career Development International. 2001;6:20–28.
Schlosser FK. So, how do people really use their handheld devices? An interactive study of wireless technology use. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 2002;23:401-423.
Buchanan B. Building organizational commitment: The socialization of managers in work organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly. 1974;19:533-546.
Organ DW, Ryan K. A meta-analytic review of attitudinal and dispositional predictors of organization citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology. 1995;48:775-802.
Venkatesh V., Morris MG., Davis GB., Davis FD. User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly. 2003;27:425–478.
Davis F, Bagozzi R, Warshaw P. User acceptance of computer technology: A comparison of two theoretical models. Management Science. 1989;35:982–1003.
Bhattacherjee A. Understanding information systems continuance: An expectation-confirmation model. MIS Quarterly. 2001;25: 251–269.
Thomas DT, Singh L, Gaffar K. The utility of the UTAUT model in explaining mobile learning adoption in higher education in Guyana. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology. 2013;9(3):71-85.
Derks D, Bakker AB. Smartphone use, work-home interference, and burnout: A diary study on the role of recovery. Applied Psychology. 2014;63:411–440.
Ninaus K, Diehl S, Terlutter R, Chan K, Huang A. Benefits and stressors-Perceived effects of ICT use on employee health and work stress: An exploratory study from Austria and Hong Kong. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Health and Well-being. 2015;10. Accessed on 15.7.2018 Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4604212/
Kossek EE, Lambert SJ. (Eds.). Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum; 2005.
Osterman P. Work/family programs and the employment relationship. Administrative Science Quarterly. 1995;40:681–700.
Zerubavel E. The fine line: Making distinctions in everyday life. New York: Free Press; 1991.
Orlikowski WJ, Scott SV. Sociomateriality: Challenging the separation of technology, work and organization. Annals of the Academy of Management. 2008;2(1):433–74.
Valcour PM, Hunter LW. Technology, organizations, and work-life integration. In E. E. Kossek & S. J. Lambert’s (Eds.), Work and life integration: Organizational, cultural, and individual perspectives: 61-84. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum; 2005.